Forget the famous Albert Cuypmarkt: The Ten Katemarkt is the market where locals get their fruits, veggies, fish and bread. But next to that you can find some delicious hummus sellers and other less Dutch but terrific types of food. It offers everything a big market should, but is kept small and therefore perfect for a ±20 minute visit.
Like we said: markets more in the centre inevitably focus on tourists aswel as locals. This market gives you a better idea of what a market in Amsterdam looks like. If you are staying in the East of town, visiting the Dappermarkt will give you about the same idea (slightly more touristic, though).
Be there after 16:00h and get big discounts when all stands are almost closing.